Microcontrollers and processors are semiconductor devices that contain a central processing unit (CPU) and other supporting circuitry. They are used in computers and similar devices that require computing power (e.g., mobile phones). Today they are used in a wide variety of products — from microwave ovens to satellites, and are often used in circuits called digital boards, motherboards, controllers, or motherboards. A microcontroller is a special kind of CPU-oriented chip, often used in embedded applications where cost, power, and size are important.

Memory is any device that can store and read digital information. It is an important part of any computer system, along with the central processing unit (CPU) and storage, which also holds digital information. Traditionally, memory holds data that is needed for the current CPU programme and cannot be stored in the CPU cache. Contrast this with storage, which is typically used for long-term storage of static data. Memory has several important characteristics. Capacity is the maximum number of bits that can be stored in memory, usually measured in gigabytes (GiB). Speed is the maximum number of bits per second that the memory can achieve in a read and/or write operation, usually measured in gigabytes per second. Wait time describes how quickly the memory responds to a read or write request, and is usually around a few billionths of a second (ns). The most common memory technology today is Dynamic Random Access Memory, or DRAM. DRAM is volatile memory, which means that if the power is cut off, the information stored will not be retained. There are several subclasses of DRAM, each with advantages for certain applications. Traditionally, double-double-rate (DDR) memory can be found in personal computers as well as servers. For mobile and embedded applications such as mobile phones, tablet devices and netbooks, low-voltage DDR (LPDDR) is sufficient. Graphics DDR (GDDR) is a high-performance memory used primarily in graphics workstations or graphics cards.

An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the amplitude of an electrical signal. The effect is known as amplifier gain. Amplifiers can be categorised by class and type, which evolved from vacuum tube (valve) technology to semiconductor transistor-based devices. Valve operation follows the principle that the emission of hot ions from a hot filament in a vacuum is controlled by a control gate. They are still used today for high power applications such as radar. Semiconductor amplifiers operate by diffusing charge carriers into a semiconductor junction controlled by an electric field, and it is the most common off-the-shelf amplifier today.

Filter is a semiconductor product which performs basic single processing functions to remove unwanted frequencies, also referred to as noise. Filters are available in a number of different types, such as passive and active, analog and digital, linear and nonlinear. The most well know filters are low-pass, high-pass, band-pass and band-stop. Filters are found in a variety of different applications but are most popular in audio and multimedia applications. A filter is an electronic network where the output voltage, current, or power varies in a predictable way with the input frequency. Filters can be designed to pass high frequencies and block low frequencies or pass only low frequencies or pass/block only a specific band of frequencies or any other combination.

A capacitor is a passive electrical component with two terminals. The two terminals store electromagnetic energy in the form of an electric field. The terminals are connected to two conductor plates filled with dielectric material between them. The capacitor stores an electric charge on its conductor plates. The electrically charged conductor plates separated by the dielectric construct an electric field.

A circuit protection device protects equipment and processes from excess energy that could cause damage or safety issues. Circuit Protection principle is used in electrical circuits to prevent short circuits, wire conductor overheating and electrical equipment from damage due to other input regularities. Products range from circuit breakers to fuses and other overload and protection devices. Most applications which are connected to an external power source or run off batteries or charge batteries use these types of products.

A programmable logic devices is an integrated circuit that can be programmed or configured to perform logic functions in an application. Field Programmable Logic Arrays (FPGAs) & Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) are examples of programmable logic devices.

Radio Frequency (RF) and Microwave communication is the ability to communicate over Standard Radio or Micro Frequency waves. This allows communication of data over relatively large distances without the need for computing or communication devices to be physically connected together via a cable. Sometimes known as wireless communication the main applications are Industrial, Automotive, Consumer, Communication, IoT and Military.

An oscillator is a mechanical or electronic device that produces a periodic oscillating output, usually a sine or square wave. A crystal is a passive component that also produces a periodic oscillating output, but with a narrower frequency passband. Oscillators and crystals are often used in digital integrated circuits to provide an accurate clock source. Although crystal frequencies can range from high kHz to low kHz, phase-locked loops (PLLs) accurately multiply the input frequencies into the high MHz and low GHz ranges, which are useful in clocking high-speed circuits.

A resistor is a basic circuit component. All resistors are passive; they only consume power and never provide power. A resistor allows current to flow when a voltage exists between its two terminals. Resistors come in many values, shapes, and form factors. Consumer electronics require small, precise resistors. In high-speed applications, it is important to minimise parasitic inductance and capacitance. Industrial applications may require resistors capable of consuming large amounts of power, so these resistors are naturally larger. There are also many technologies for manufacturing resistors: carbon composites, carbon film, metal film, and wirewound.

Encoders are devices that convert movement or position into an electronically coded pattern that can be read by an electronic circuit or processor system. They are sensors that can form part of an electro-mechanical control system, like a servo motor, because they provide a mechanism to obtain feedback.

Communications & Networking products are designed for both wired and wireless applications and used in a variety of markets. All electronic devices and systems for the acquisition or acceptance, processing, storage, display, analysis, protection, disposition, and transfer of information and the physical devices which are required for communication and interaction between devices on a network can be found in this category.

A switching IC integrates a large number of electronic devices on a single chip, and the circuit controls the switching tube to conduct and cut off at high speed, thus completing the switching operation of the circuit.

Diodes, transistors and thyristors are all semiconductor devices. Diodes and transistors form the basis of modern personal computers and mobile electronic devices. They are widely used throughout the electronics industry. Almost all electronic systems operate without them.

Logic devices and timing components include wide variety of components dedicated to discrete fixed-function. These products include legacy logic gate devices, application-specific digital processing chipsets, and dedicated components for clock generation and precision timing applications. All Applications require some sort of timing and logic within their sub design.

Sensors are devices that can be used to measure the physical or electrical characteristics of an environment and convert the signal into another signal that can be read or interpreted by a person or machine. This type of device is called a transducer in reference to its ability to convert one signal into another. Sensors are currently in use all over the world. In today's electronic age most of the transducers generally convert various signals into electrical impulses that can be recognised by some kind of circuitry.

Drivers & Interfaces are a family of IC's that help in managing and controlling various functionalities in a system. Typical examples include Load drivers, serial communication ICs, CAN interface devices etc.

Optoelectronic devices convert electrical and optical signals back and forth, and the widespread use of CMOS devices makes analogue and digital signals easy to process and store electronically. However, optical signals have significant advantages in terms of high speed and long distance transmission.

Integrated circuits are widely used in a variety of electronic devices, such as computers, mobile phones, smart homes, communication equipment, medical equipment, automobiles and so on. Among them, digital integrated circuits are mainly used in computers, mobile phones and other fields; analogue integrated circuits are mainly used in audio, video, video cameras and other fields; mixed-signal integrated circuits are used in analogue signal digitization, digital signal simulation and other fields.Translated with DeepL.com (free version)

Power management refers to the process of controlling and distribution of electrical power in an applications like power supplies, motor control, traction, smartphones, tablets, wearables etc. Power Management ICs or PMICs are ICs that are specifically available for the process of controlling and distribution of electrical power.